Written by
Anthony
China’s ancient capitals are more than just old cities—they are living chapters of a 5,000-year civilization. Each one once stood at the heart of empires that shaped Chinese politics, culture, and society. From the imperial grandeur of Xi’an during the Tang dynasty to the carefully planned palaces of Beijing under the Ming and Qing, these capitals preserve stories that textbooks can only hint at.
For travelers, ancient capitals offer rare access to China’s deepest cultural roots. Walking through Luoyang’s Buddhist grottoes, exploring Nanjing’s Ming tombs, or wandering the alleys of Kaifeng, you’re not just sightseeing—you’re stepping into the footprints of emperors, poets, monks, and revolutionaries. These cities hold world-class heritage sites like the Terracotta Army, the Forbidden City, and Longmen Grottoes, alongside local traditions that keep ancient ways alive through food, festivals, and daily life.
Exploring China’s ancient capitals is not just a historical journey—it’s a chance to see how the past still lives in the rhythm of modern cities.
Not every city with a long history qualifies as an “ancient capital.” For this guide, we follow four key criteria:
Political Significance: The city must have served as the official capital (or secondary capital) of a major dynasty or regional government—not just a temporary power base.
Duration of Rule: It must have held its capital status for a meaningful period—typically several decades or more—to form a lasting influence.
Historical Impact: The city should have played a vital role in shaping Chinese history, leaving behind influential legacies in governance, culture, or architecture.
Tangible Heritage: There must be surviving monuments, ruins, or documented records—such as palace foundations, city walls, temples, or mausoleums—that prove its role as a former capital.
Known in ancient times as Chang’an (长安)—meaning “Eternal Peace”—and Haojing (镐京) during the Zhou Dynasty, Xi’an was one of the most enduring and influential capitals in Chinese history. It served as a political and cultural epicenter and was the eastern terminus of the legendary Silk Road.
Xi’an was the capital of 13 dynasties and regimes, including both unified empires and key transitional states. These are:
Western Zhou (西周)
Xin Dynasty (新朝, Wang Mang’s regime)
Eastern Han (东汉, Emperor Xian’s period)
Western Jin (西晋, Emperor Min’s reign)
Former Zhao (前赵)
Former Qin (前秦)
Later Qin (后秦)
Western Wei (西魏)
Northern Zhou (北周)
Sui Dynasty (隋朝)
Among these, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang were powerful unified empires that elevated Xi’an to its historical peak.
Why it became a capital:
Strategically located in the fertile Guanzhong Plain (关中平原), surrounded by mountains for natural defense
Rich agricultural resources nourished by the Wei River (渭河)
Starting point of the Silk Road, facilitating trade and diplomacy
Deep cultural and philosophical roots since early Chinese civilization
Why it declined:
Tang dynasty decline due to war, population loss, and urban collapse
Economic and political centers shifted south to Yangtze River Delta (长三角)
Environmental degradation reduced agricultural output
Later dynasties favored more coastal or centrally located capitals for better control and resources
Terracotta Army (兵马俑) – Qin Emperor’s vast underground guard, a UNESCO World Heritage site
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda (大雁塔) – Tang-era landmark that housed Buddhist scriptures from India
Small Wild Goose Pagoda (小雁塔) – A Tang royal temple ruin
Ancient City Wall (西安明城墙) – The best-preserved city wall in China
Bell & Drum Towers (钟鼓楼) – Key symbols of old Xi’an’s central axis
Shaanxi History Museum (陕西历史博物馆) – Home to 370,000+ relics
Beilin Museum (碑林博物馆) – China’s largest collection of stone steles and calligraphy
Daming Palace National Heritage Park (大明宫国家遗址公园) – Remains of Tang’s imperial palace
Huaqing Palace (华清宫) – Royal spa and garden used by emperors for centuries
Cultural immersion: Dress in Hanfu and explore Great Tang All Day Mall (大唐不夜城) at night
Performances: Watch the outdoor musical The Everlasting Sorrow (《长恨歌》) at Huaqing Palace (华清宫)
Traditional crafts: Try shadow puppetry (皮影戏), paper cutting (剪纸), or clay figurines (泥塑)
Food tour: Taste Roujiamo (肉夹馍), Yangrou Paomo (羊肉泡馍), and Biangbiang Noodles (biangbiang面) at Muslim Quarter (回民街) and Sajin Bridge (洒金桥)
Modern leisure: Enjoy the blend of history and modern cafés in Qujiang New District (曲江新区), or sip tea along the base of the city wall
How to get there:
By air: Fly to Xi’an Xianyang International Airport (西安咸阳国际机场); connect via metro Line 14 or shuttle
By train: High-speed trains to Xi’an North Station (西安北站); regular trains to Xi’an Station (西安站), closer to the old town
Best time to visit:
Spring (March–May) and Autumn (September–November) offer mild weather (15–25 °C) and beautiful seasonal views like cherry blossoms and ginkgo trees
Suggested 3-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Shaanxi History Museum (陕西历史博物馆) → Giant Wild Goose Pagoda (大雁塔) → Great Tang All Day Mall (大唐不夜城)
Day 2: Terracotta Army (兵马俑) → Huaqing Palace (华清宫) → Muslim Quarter (回民街)
Day 3: Ancient City Wall (西安明城墙) biking → Bell & Drum Towers (钟鼓楼) → Beilin Museum (碑林博物馆)
Luoyang (洛阳) was historically known as Zhenxun (斟鄩), Xibo (西亳), Luoyi (洛邑), and Dongdu (东都). The name “Luoyang” literally means “north of the Luo River.” As Luoyi, it served as a Western Zhou capital; as Dongdu, it became the eastern counterpart to Chang’an (长安) during the Eastern Han and Tang dynasties, marking its dual role as both primary and secondary capital.
Luoyang served as the capital for 13 dynasties and regimes across thousands of years, making it one of China’s most enduring political and cultural centers. These include:
Xia Dynasty (夏朝)
Shang Dynasty (商朝)
Western Zhou (西周)
Eastern Zhou (东周)
Eastern Han (东汉)
Cao Wei (曹魏)
Western Jin (西晋)
Northern Wei (北魏)
Sui Dynasty (隋朝)
Tang Dynasty (唐朝, including Wu Zetian’s Zhou period and later Tang as secondary capital)
Later Liang (后梁)
Later Tang (后唐)
Later Jin (后晋)
Its dynastic span—from prehistoric Xia to the turbulent Five Dynasties—makes Luoyang a true cradle of Chinese civilization.
Why it became a capital:
Strategically located in the center of China (“天下之中”), allowing for control in all directions
Fertile lands nourished by the Luo River (洛河) and Yi River (伊河)
Served as a political and cultural hub, especially during the Eastern Han and Northern Wei, facilitating ethnic integration
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Luoyang and Chang’an formed a powerful dual-capital system
Why it declined:
Severely damaged during late Tang civil wars
Capital shifted eastward to Kaifeng (开封) and Beijing (北京) in later dynasties
Frequent Yellow River floods hindered sustainable development
The national economic center moved south, reducing the strategic importance of the Central Plains
Longmen Grottoes (龙门石窟) – UNESCO site showcasing Buddhist cave art from Northern Wei to Tang
Dingding Gate Ruins (定鼎门遗址) – Key gateway of the Sui-Tang capital city
White Horse Temple (白马寺) – The first official Buddhist temple in China
Lijing Gate (丽景门) – Reconstructed Ming-era gate with old-town vibes
Luoyang Museum (洛阳博物馆) – Home to Shang-Zhou bronzes and Tang Sancai figurines
Han-Wei Luoyang City Ruins (汉魏洛阳城遗址) – Remnants of early dynastic capitals
Yanshi Shang City Ruins (偃师商城遗址) – Earliest walled city remains from the Shang era
Cultural shows: Light show at Yingtian Gate (应天门灯光秀), and Tang-style performance “Tang Palace Night Banquet (唐宫夜宴)”
Seasonal beauty: Admire peony blossoms (牡丹花) at National Peony Garden (中国国花园) in April, or autumn foliage at Laojun Mountain (老君山) in October
Food adventures: Try Luoyang Water Banquet (洛阳水席), Beef Soup (牛肉汤), Sour Noodle Soup (浆面条), and Peony Cakes (牡丹饼)
Nature escapes: Hike Laojun Mountain (老君山) for Daoist heritage and cloud-sea views, or cool off at Baiyun Mountain (白云山) in summer
How to get there:
By air: Fly into Luoyang Beijiao Airport (洛阳北郊机场), then take a taxi or shuttle bus to the city
By train: Arrive at Luoyang Longmen Station (洛阳龙门站) by high-speed rail (10 km from downtown); use Metro Line 2 for fast transit
Best time to visit:
April for peony season and mild weather (18–26 °C)
September–October for clear skies and red maple leaves
Suggested 3-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Longmen Grottoes (龙门石窟) → White Horse Temple (白马寺) → Lijing Gate (丽景门)
Day 2: Sui-Tang Luoyang City Ruins (隋唐洛阳城遗址) → Luoyang Museum (洛阳博物馆) → Yingtian Gate Light Show (应天门灯光秀)
Day 3: Full-day Laojun Mountain (老君山) trip, or visit National Peony Garden (中国国花园) and stroll the Old Town Food Street (老城美食街)
Anyang (安阳), once known as Yin (殷) and Ye (邺), is China’s earliest capital with confirmed archaeological evidence. “Yin” refers to the late Shang dynasty capital, now the renowned Yin Ruins (殷墟). “Ye” was a major political and cultural center during the Eastern Han to Northern Qi, celebrated as the birthplace of the Jian’an literary movement (建安文学).
Anyang served as the capital or key city for seven dynasties and states, including:
Xia Dynasty (夏朝)
Shang Dynasty (商朝, Yin period)
State of Wei (卫国, early Zhou)
State of Wei (魏国, Warring States)
State of Zhao (赵国)
State of Yan (燕国)
Northern Qi (北齐)
Its most significant capital period was during the late Shang dynasty (c. 1300–1046 BCE), when King Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin, making Anyang the political, economic, and cultural heart of early Chinese civilization.
Why it became a capital:
Rich farmland and strategic location away from floodplains attracted Pan Geng to move the Shang capital to Yin
During the Warring States period, Wei developed Ye into a military and economic base using Zhang River (漳河) for irrigation
In the Northern Qi, Ye functioned as a secondary capital with high military value
Why it declined:
After the Shang collapse, the political center shifted east
Warring States warfare led to urban decline
During the Sui–Tang period, frequent Yellow River changes and floods hampered development
Major political hubs moved permanently to Luoyang and Kaifeng
Yin Ruins (殷墟) – UNESCO World Heritage Site; site of the Shang dynasty’s last capital; famous for oracle bones and the Simuwu Ding (司母戊鼎), the world’s heaviest ancient bronze vessel
National Museum of Chinese Writing (中国文字博物馆) – The world’s only museum dedicated to the history and evolution of Chinese characters
Taihang Grand Canyon (太行大峡谷) – Spectacular blend of mountain scenery, waterfalls, and traditional villages
Yuan Mausoleum (袁林) – The Western-style tomb of Yuan Shikai, blending East-West architectural elements
Lingquan Temple Grottoes (灵泉寺石窟) – Northern Dynasty Buddhist grottoes carved into cliffs
Archaeological experience: Explore oracle bone pits, try ink rubbings at Yin Ruins (殷墟)
Nature & history: Rafting in Taihang Canyon, visit the Red Flag Canal Memorial (红旗渠纪念馆) to learn about China’s 20th-century engineering spirit
Local food: Try Daokou Roast Chicken (道口烧鸡), Flat Noodles with Pickled Paste (扁粉菜), and Fermented Flour Porridge (粉浆饭)
Cultural immersion: Learn how Chinese writing evolved at the Museum of Chinese Writing, and try traditional movable-type printing
How to get there:
By air: Land at Anyang Northeast Henan Airport (安阳豫东北机场), then take shuttle bus to downtown
By train: Arrive at Anyang East Station (安阳东站) via high-speed rail; city buses and taxis available for local transport
Best time to visit:
Spring (April–May) and Autumn (September–October) for pleasant temperatures (15–25 °C) and low rainfall
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Yin Ruins (殷墟) → Museum of Chinese Writing (中国文字博物馆) → Yuan Mausoleum (袁林)
Day 2: Taihang Grand Canyon (太行大峡谷) full-day trip or substitute with Red Flag Canal Memorial (红旗渠纪念馆)
Kaifeng (开封), historically known as Bianjing (汴京), Dongjing (东京), and Daliang (大梁), has served as a major capital in Chinese history. “Daliang” refers to its role during the Warring States era under the State of Wei, while “Dongjing” (Eastern Capital) was used during the Northern Song Dynasty (北宋), when Kaifeng became the largest and most prosperous city in the world—immortalized in the famous painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival (清明上河图).
Kaifeng served as the capital for seven dynasties, including:
State of Wei (魏国, Warring States)
Later Liang (后梁, Five Dynasties)
Later Jin (后晋)
Later Han (后汉)
Later Zhou (后周)
Northern Song (北宋)
Jin Dynasty (金, late period)
Its peak as a capital came during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127), when it flourished as a center of politics, commerce, art, and urban culture.
Why it became a capital:
Strategically located in the central plains (中原) with excellent transport access
Proximity to the Grand Canal (大运河) enabled a robust grain transport system (漕运)
Served as a natural administrative hub during the unstable Five Dynasties period
Chosen by the Northern Song due to its logistics, defenses, and growing economy
Why it declined:
The Jingkang Incident (靖康之变) in 1127 devastated the city as it fell to the Jin invaders
The Southern Song shifted the capital to Hangzhou (临安)
Frequent Yellow River floods submerged and damaged the city repeatedly
From the Yuan dynasty onward, political focus moved to Beijing, and Kaifeng became a regional center
Millennium City Park (清明上河园) – A theme park recreating the urban splendor of Song-era Bianjing, complete with traditional performances
Kaifeng Prefecture Office (开封府) – A restored version of Judge Bao Zheng’s courthouse from the Song dynasty
Xiangguo Temple (大相国寺) – An imperial temple from the Song period, featured in the novel Water Margin
Dragon Pavilion Park (龙亭公园) – Located on the former Song imperial palace ruins
Iron Pagoda (铁塔公园) – A 900-year-old glazed brick tower surviving floods and earthquakes
Old Town Area – Drum Tower Square (鼓楼广场) and Bookstore Street (书店街) with preserved Ming–Qing urban character
Immersive shows: Watch “Grand Song – Dreams of Dongjing” (《大宋·东京梦华》) at Millennium City Park
Cultural activities: Dress in Song costumes, enjoy Bian embroidery (汴绣) workshops and local drum shows
Food tour: Try Kaifeng Soup Dumplings (灌汤包), Bucket Chicken (桶子鸡), Stir-fried Cold Noodles (炒凉粉), Peanut Cake (花生糕)
Festivals & temples: Visit Xiangguo Temple during fall to hear bell chimes, admire the ginkgo trees in Iron Pagoda Park
How to get there:
By air: Fly to Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport (郑州新郑机场), then take an intercity train or shuttle (30–40 min) to Kaifeng
By train: Take high-speed rail to Kaifeng North Station (开封北站), then bus/taxi to central attractions
Best time to visit:
September to October, during the Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Festival, with ideal weather (18–25 °C), blooming flowers, and festive atmosphere
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Millennium City Park (清明上河园) → “Dreams of Dongjing” show (大宋·东京梦华)
Day 2: Kaifeng Prefecture Office (开封府) → Xiangguo Temple (大相国寺) → Iron Pagoda Park (铁塔公园) → Night market at Xisi (西司夜市)
Nanjing (南京), one of China’s most culturally rich cities, was historically known as Jinling (金陵), Jiankang (建康), and Jianye (建业). “Jinling” — literally “Golden Mound” — refers to a poetic legend of the Chu king burying gold to anchor royal energy here. “Jiankang” was the name used during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, when Nanjing symbolized the refined elegance of the south, often evoked in the phrase “Six Dynasties’ Glamour” (六朝金粉).
Nanjing is best known as the capital of the Six Dynasties (六朝), which include:
Eastern Wu (东吴)
Eastern Jin (东晋)
Liu Song (宋)
Southern Qi (齐)
Southern Liang (梁)
Southern Chen (陈)
In broader historical context, it also served as the capital during:
Southern Tang (南唐)
Early Ming Dynasty (明初)
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天国)
Republic of China (民国)
This legacy earns Nanjing the title of “City of Ten Dynasties”, though the “Six Dynasties” period remains its most celebrated era.
Why it became a capital:
Strategically located along the lower Yangtze River, with strong natural defenses (“dragon coiled, tiger crouched” terrain)
Economically rich and agriculturally productive southern China
Became the political refuge and hub after northern invasions during the Western Jin collapse
Chosen by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming founder, as his initial capital for its auspicious Feng Shui
Why it declined:
Successive wars and dynastic changes, especially during the late Southern Dynasties and Sui unification, led to destruction
In 1403, Ming Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing, and Nanjing became a secondary capital
The Taiping Rebellion and WWII caused massive devastation
After 1949, the People’s Republic of China designated Beijing as the national capital
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (明孝陵) – Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, first emperor of the Ming, part of a UNESCO World Heritage site
Confucius Temple–Qinhuai River Scenic Area (夫子庙–秦淮河) – Recreates the vibrant life of Nanjing during the Six Dynasties
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (中山陵) – Resting place of the founder of modern China, a masterpiece of Republican-era architecture
Nanjing City Wall (明城墙) – The longest surviving city wall in China, built in the early Ming period
Presidential Palace (总统府) – The political center during the late Qing and Republic era
Nanjing Museum (南京博物院) – One of China’s top three national museums, housing over 430,000 artifacts
Evening cruise on the Qinhuai River and lantern displays during Chinese New Year
Republic-era nostalgia: Walk through Yihe Road villas and visit Laomendong (老门东) for preserved architecture
Food tour: Sample Duck Blood Vermicelli Soup (鸭血粉丝汤), Salted Duck (盐水鸭), Xiaolongbao, and Plum Blossom Cake (梅花糕) in local food streets
Nature escapes: Boating on Xuanwu Lake (玄武湖) or hiking Purple Mountain (紫金山) for sweeping city views
How to get there:
By air: Fly into Nanjing Lukou International Airport (南京禄口国际机场), then take Metro Line S1 to connect with the city’s main subway lines
By train: Arrive at Nanjing South Railway Station (high-speed rail hub) or Nanjing Railway Station, both linked to major metro routes
Best time to visit:
March to April – Cherry and peach blossoms in full bloom
September to October – Clear skies, mild weather, and autumn colors (15–25 °C)
Suggested 3-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum (中山陵) → Ming Xiaoling (明孝陵) → Meiling Palace (美龄宫)
Day 2: Presidential Palace (总统府) → Nanjing Museum (南京博物院) → Qinhuai River night cruise
Day 3: Nanjing City Wall (明城墙) → Laomendong Old Street (老门东) → Xuanwu Lake (玄武湖)
Beijing has been known by many names throughout its history, including Yanjing (燕京) during the Warring States era, Zhongdu (中都) under the Jin Dynasty, Dadu (大都) in the Yuan Dynasty, and Beiping (北平) during the Ming and Republican periods. The name Beijing (北京), meaning “Northern Capital,” was officially adopted in 1949 with the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The famed traveler Marco Polo praised its grandeur as “Khanbaliq” in his 13th-century accounts.
Beijing has served as the capital for five major dynasties:
Liao Dynasty (辽, as Southern Capital)
Jin Dynasty (金, as Zhongdu)
Yuan Dynasty (元, as Dadu)
Ming Dynasty (明, full capital after Emperor Yongle moved it from Nanjing)
It has remained the political capital of China to the present day, making it the ancient capital with the longest continuous role as a national center.
Why it became a capital:
Chosen by Kublai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty for its strategic location between the northern steppe and the Central Plain
Ming Emperor Yongle moved the capital here to strengthen northern defenses (“The Son of Heaven guards the gates of the nation”)
Served as a cultural bridge between Manchu and Han Chinese during the Qing Dynasty
Well-developed transport network and defensible geography ensured long-term political viability
Why it remained:
Its role was never interrupted after the Ming Dynasty
Continued as the capital of modern China after 1949, evolving into a global political, cultural, and diplomatic hub
The Forbidden City (故宫博物院) – The world’s largest imperial palace complex, home to 24 emperors of Ming and Qing
Temple of Heaven (天坛公园) – Sacred site where emperors prayed for good harvests
Summer Palace (颐和园) – Masterpiece of Chinese garden design and Qing imperial retreat
Ming Tombs (明十三陵) – Burial site of 13 Ming emperors
The Great Wall (长城) – Must-visit sections include Badaling (八达岭) and Mutianyu (慕田峪)
Other highlights include Tiananmen Square (天安门广场), Jingshan Park (景山公园) for panoramic palace views, and traditional neighborhoods like Nanluoguxiang (南锣鼓巷) and Yandai Xiejie (烟袋斜街) for hutong culture.
Flag-raising ceremony at Tiananmen Square (天安门广场)
Bike tours through historic hutongs (胡同) or overnight stays in courtyard guesthouses (四合院民宿)
Food lovers can explore Peking Duck (北京烤鸭), Zhajiang Noodles (炸酱面), and Mongolian-style Hot Pot (铜锅涮羊肉) at local spots like Huguosi Snack Street (护国寺小吃街)
Modern Beijing: Visit China Zun (中国尊) in the CBD or stroll through Olympic Park (奥林匹克公园) to see the Bird’s Nest (鸟巢) and Water Cube (水立方)
How to get there:
Fly into Beijing Capital International Airport (北京首都国际机场) or Beijing Daxing International Airport (北京大兴国际机场), both with metro access to the city
High-speed rail options connect via Beijing West Station (北京西站), Beijing South Station (北京南站), and Beijing Station (北京站)
An extensive subway system links all major tourist attractions
Best time to visit:
Spring (April–May) and Autumn (September–October) offer mild weather (15–25 °C)
Late October is the best time to view red maple leaves in Fragrant Hills Park (香山红叶)
Suggested 4-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Tiananmen Square (天安门广场) → Forbidden City (故宫) → Jingshan Park (景山公园)
Day 2: Badaling Great Wall (八达岭长城) → Olympic Park (奥林匹克公园)
Day 3: Summer Palace (颐和园) → Old Summer Palace (圆明园) → Nanluoguxiang (南锣鼓巷)
Day 4: Temple of Heaven (天坛) → Qianmen Street (前门大街) → National Museum of China (国家博物馆)
Hangzhou was historically known as Qiantang (钱塘)—named after the Qiantang River (钱塘江)—and later as Lin’an (临安) during its time as a capital. “Lin’an” symbolized a period of temporary peace, reflecting the Southern Song Dynasty’s retreat to the prosperous south after losing northern China.
Hangzhou served as the capital for two significant regimes:
Wuyue Kingdom (吴越国, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period)
Southern Song Dynasty (南宋, 1127–1279 CE)
During the Southern Song era, Lin’an (临安) flourished into one of the most advanced cities in the world, renowned for its commerce, literature, and urban planning.
Why it became a capital:
Wuyue King Qian Liu chose Hangzhou for its control over river transport and advanced irrigation via the Qiantang River
The Southern Song court relocated here after the fall of Kaifeng to Jurchen invaders, drawn by the area’s economic prosperity, scenic beauty, and security from northern threats
Why it ceased to be a capital:
The Yuan Dynasty conquered the Southern Song in 1279, shifting the political center north to Dadu (Beijing)
Hangzhou lost its capital status but remained a thriving cultural and economic hub in the Jiangnan region
West Lake (西湖) – A UNESCO World Heritage site dubbed “Heaven on Earth,” featuring iconic views like Su Causeway (苏堤), Broken Bridge (断桥), and Three Pools Mirroring the Moon (三潭印月)
Lingyin Temple (灵隐寺) – One of China’s oldest Buddhist temples, dating back to the Eastern Jin
Liuhe Pagoda (六和塔) – An ancient pagoda overlooking the tidal bore of the Qiantang River
Leifeng Pagoda (雷峰塔) – Associated with the legend of the White Snake (Madame White), symbol of love and folklore
Song Dynasty Town (宋城) – A reconstructed cultural park showcasing Southern Song city life and the spectacular performance “Romance of the Song Dynasty (宋城千古情)”
Southern Song Imperial Street (南宋御街) – The preserved commercial street from the Lin’an capital era
Nature & Scenery: Boat ride on West Lake, spring tea-picking at Longjing Village (龙井村), stroll along Su Causeway
Live Shows: See “Impression West Lake (印象·西湖)”, a water-light performance staged on the lake itself
Food Adventure: Try West Lake Vinegar Fish (西湖醋鱼), Longjing Shrimp (龙井虾仁), and Pian’er Chuan Noodles (片儿川面) at Hefang Street (河坊街) snack district
Modern vibe: Enjoy shopping and nightlife at Hubin Pedestrian Street (湖滨步行街), or watch the Qianjiang New Town Light Show (钱江新城灯光秀) by the riverfront
How to get there:
Fly into Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport (杭州萧山国际机场) and take metro Line 1 or 7 into the city
High-speed trains arrive at Hangzhou East Station (杭州东站) or Hangzhou Station (杭州站), both with easy metro access
Best time to visit:
March–April (cherry blossoms, peach blossoms)
September–October (osmanthus blooming), with comfortable temperatures of 15–25 °C
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: West Lake boat ride → Su Causeway → Broken Bridge → Three Pools Mirroring the Moon → Lingyin Temple → Leifeng Pagoda
Day 2: Song Dynasty Town → “Romance of the Song Dynasty” show → Hefang Street → Southern Song Imperial Street
Zhengzhou, once called Bo (亳), Guan Prefecture (管州), and Yingyang (荥阳), holds a unique place in Chinese history as one of the oldest ancient capitals. Bo was the capital of the early Shang Dynasty (商朝), while Guan was used in the Sui and Tang periods. Most importantly, Zhengzhou is recognized as a key center during the Xia (夏朝) and early Shang dynasties—making it one of China’s earliest political and cultural hubs.
Zhengzhou served as a capital city during the Xia Dynasty (夏朝) and early Shang Dynasty (商朝早期). Key periods include:
Erlitou Site (二里头遗址) – Often associated with the Xia Dynasty capital
Shang City Ruins (郑州商城遗址) – The fortified early Shang capital
State of Guan (管国) in the Western Zhou (西周) era
State of Zheng (郑国) in the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时期)
Zhengzhou’s role as a capital predates most other cities, marking it as one of China’s earliest ancient capitals.
Why it became a capital:
Located in the heart of the Central Plains (中原), the spiritual homeland of Chinese civilization
Fertile lands and early agricultural development supported population growth and political power
Positioned along key early trade and communication routes
Archaeological finds confirm the presence of large-scale palatial complexes and fortifications
Why it declined:
The Shang Dynasty moved its capital north to Anyang (安阳) during the mid-Shang period
Later dynasties favored cities like Luoyang (洛阳) and Kaifeng (开封) for better political or strategic reach
Zhengzhou gradually transformed into a transport and commercial hub, rather than a political capital
“Center of Heaven and Earth” Sites in Dengfeng (登封“天地之中”) – UNESCO World Heritage, includes:
Shaolin Temple (少林寺) – Famed origin of Shaolin Kung Fu
Zhongyue Temple (中岳庙) – Daoist temple dedicated to Mount Song
Songyue Pagoda (嵩岳寺塔) – One of China’s oldest brick pagodas
Erlitou Museum of the Xia Capital (二里头夏都遗址博物馆) – Reveals early urban planning and bronzeware culture
Shang City Ruins Park (郑州商城遗址公园) – Preserves sections of the early Shang city wall
Henan Museum (河南博物院) – Top-tier national museum featuring treasures like the Bone Flute (贾湖骨笛) and Fu Hao Owl Zun (妇好鸮尊)
Songshan Mountain (嵩山) – One of China’s Five Sacred Mountains, blending natural beauty and religious tradition
Martial arts experience: Watch live kung fu shows and try beginner classes at Shaolin Temple (少林寺)
Archaeological discovery: Explore early Chinese civilization at Erlitou Site Museum (二里头遗址博物馆) and Shang City Ruins (郑州商城遗址)
Cultural enrichment: Visit Henan Museum (河南博物院) to understand the roots of Chinese rituals and art
Nature & spirituality: Hike Songshan Mountain (嵩山) and visit Zhongyue Temple (中岳庙) for a peaceful cultural outing
How to get there:
By air: Fly into Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport (郑州新郑国际机场); take Metro Line 2 to the city center
By train: High-speed trains arrive at Zhengzhou East Railway Station (郑州东站); regular trains arrive at Zhengzhou Railway Station (郑州站). Metro and bus routes link most attractions.
Best time to visit:
Spring (April–May) and Autumn (September–October) with comfortable 15–25 °C temperatures and fewer crowds. Avoid summer heat when visiting Songshan Mountain (嵩山).
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Henan Museum (河南博物院) → Shang City Ruins Park (郑州商城遗址公园) → Erqi Memorial Tower (二七塔)
Day 2: Shaolin Temple (少林寺) → Zhongyue Temple (中岳庙) → Songyue Pagoda (嵩岳寺塔)
Historically known as Pingcheng (平城) and Yunzhong (云中), Datong was once a vital military and political hub on the northern frontier. “Pingcheng” was the name during its time as the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, reflecting a period of deep cultural fusion. “Yunzhong,” used in the Qin and Han periods, referred to its role as a commandery and strategic post beyond the Great Wall.
Datong served as the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏) from 398 to 494 CE, under Emperor Daowu (拓跋珪). This nearly 100-year period marked a turning point in Chinese history, as nomadic Xianbei rulers began to adopt Han Chinese systems and Buddhism flourished. Datong was also later used as an auxiliary capital during the Liao (辽) and Jin (金) dynasties.
Why it became a capital:
Chosen by the Northern Wei for its strategic location between the steppe and the Central Plains
A natural stronghold and transportation node linking nomadic and agricultural civilizations
Ideal for implementing Sinicization (汉化) reforms and promoting Buddhism
Why it declined:
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei moved the capital to Luoyang (洛阳) in 494 CE to deepen Sinicization and align with central Han culture
Later dynasties maintained Datong as a military base, not a political center
In the Ming and Qing periods, it became a northern garrison city rather than a seat of imperial power
Yungang Grottoes (云冈石窟) – A UNESCO World Heritage site featuring 50,000+ Buddhist statues carved during the Northern Wei, part of China’s “Three Great Grottoes” alongside Longmen (洛阳) and Mogao (敦煌)
Hanging Temple (悬空寺) – A cliffside structure built into Mount Heng (恒山), uniquely blending Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism
Huayan Temple (华严寺) – A grand Liao-Jin era Buddhist complex, home to the iconic “hands-together, smiling Bodhisattva” statue
Datong Ancient City Wall (大同古城墙) – One of the largest and best-preserved Ming-era walls in China
Buddhist cultural experience: Join educational tours at the Yungang Grottoes or listen to sutras at Huayan Temple (华严寺)
Mountain adventure: Hike Mount Heng (恒山), one of China’s Five Great Mountains, and explore the perilous yet awe-inspiring Hanging Temple (悬空寺)
Old city discovery: Bike or stroll along the restored Ancient City Wall (大同古城墙) and visit photogenic gates like Sipaifang (四牌楼)
Food tour: Try Knife-cut noodles (刀削面), Sticky millet cake (黄米凉糕), and Lamb offal soup (羊杂粉汤) in local street markets
How to get there:
By air: Fly into Datong Yungang Airport (大同云冈机场) and transfer to downtown by taxi or local bus
By train: Take high-speed rail to Datong South Station (大同南站) and connect to the city center by public transit
Best time to visit:
April–May and September–October for pleasant temperatures (15–25 °C) and clear weather. Avoid the freezing winter unless you’re prepared for snow.
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Yungang Grottoes (云冈石窟) → Ancient City Wall (大同古城墙) → Huayan Temple (华严寺)
Day 2: Mount Heng (北岳恒山) → Hanging Temple (悬空寺) → Datong Knife-Cut Noodles Street (大同刀削面美食街)
Chengdu was once known as Jincheng (锦城) for its renowned brocade production during the Han Dynasty, and Rongcheng (蓉城) due to the abundant hibiscus flowers planted during the Five Dynasties. It’s also called Shudu (蜀都), highlighting its role as the capital of both the ancient Shu Kingdom and Shu Han regime. These names reflect Chengdu’s deep historical and cultural legacy in southwest China.
Though not a capital of unified empires, Chengdu was the seat of power for several important regional regimes:
Ancient Shu Kingdom (古蜀国) – Represented today by Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Jinsha (金沙) archaeological sites
Shu Han (蜀汉) – Founded by Liu Bei (刘备) during the Three Kingdoms period (221–263 CE), forming a tripartite rivalry with Wei and Wu
Cheng Han (成汉) – One of the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–347 CE), further solidifying Chengdu’s regional dominance
The most iconic period is undoubtedly the Three Kingdoms era, where Chengdu served as the capital of Shu Han under the legendary strategist Zhuge Liang (诸葛亮).
Why it became a capital:
Located in the fertile Sichuan Basin (四川盆地), known as the “Land of Abundance (天府之国)” for its rich agriculture
Surrounded by mountains, making it easy to defend and ideal for independent regimes
During the chaotic late Han period, it became a strategic base for warlords like Liu Bei to establish sovereign rule
Why it ceased being a capital:
After the fall of Shu Han, it was demoted to a provincial seat by the Western Jin (西晋)
Subsequent dynasties viewed it as a key regional hub rather than a national capital
Its relative isolation within the basin limited its accessibility and strategic reach for larger, unified empires
Sanxingdui Ruins (三星堆遗址) – Bronze masks, sacred trees, and a mysterious early civilization
Jinsha Site Museum (金沙遗址博物馆) – The later capital of ancient Shu, featuring the famous Golden Sun Bird (太阳神鸟金饰)
Wuhou Shrine (武侯祠) – A sacred site dedicated to Zhuge Liang and the legacy of Shu Han
Jinli Street (锦里古街) – A reconstructed marketplace capturing the look and feel of the Three Kingdoms period
Du Fu Thatched Cottage (杜甫草堂) – Home of the great Tang poet Du Fu, now a tranquil literary memorial
Qingyang Palace (青羊宫) – The largest Taoist temple in western China
Tea Culture & Slow Life: Sip covered-bowl tea (盖碗茶) and enjoy a local ear-cleaning session at Heming Teahouse (鹤鸣茶社) in People’s Park (人民公园)
Local Cuisine: Sample iconic dishes like Chengdu Hotpot (成都火锅), Dandan Noodles (担担面), Zhong Dumplings (钟水饺), and Spicy Skewers (钵钵鸡) at Jinli (锦里) and Kuanzhai Alley (宽窄巷子)
Cultural Shows: Watch the famous Sichuan opera face-changing (川剧变脸) performances
Natural Wonders: Visit the ancient Dujiangyan Irrigation System (都江堰水利工程) and serene Mount Qingcheng (青城山), both UNESCO World Heritage sites
How to get there:
By air: Fly into Chengdu Tianfu International Airport (成都天府国际机场) or Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (成都双流国际机场), both connected by metro
By rail: High-speed trains arrive at Chengdu East Station (成都东站); local metro connects to key attractions
Best time to visit:
Spring (March–June) and Autumn (September–November) offer comfortable temperatures (15–25 °C), ideal for outdoor sightseeing. Avoid peak summer rains and winter dampness.
Suggested 3-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Wuhou Shrine (武侯祠) → Jinli Street (锦里) → Kuanzhai Alley (宽窄巷子)
Day 2: Sanxingdui Ruins (三星堆) → Sichuan Museum (四川博物院) → Sichuan Opera Face-Changing Show (川剧变脸)
Day 3: Dujiangyan Irrigation System (都江堰水利工程) → Mount Qingcheng (青城山) → People’s Park Teahouse (人民公园茶社)
Yinchuan was historically known as Xingqing Prefecture (兴庆府), the capital of the Western Xia Dynasty (西夏王朝), and earlier as Huaiyuan (怀远) during the Tang era. As the political and cultural heart of the Tangut people’s kingdom from 1038 to 1227, Xingqing thrived as a gateway between Central China and the Western Regions, cultivating a unique desert civilization.
Yinchuan served as the capital of the Western Xia Dynasty (1038–1227), founded by Emperor Li Yuanhao (李元昊) of the Tangut (党项族) ethnic group. At its height, Western Xia stood alongside the Song (宋) and Liao (辽) as one of the three dominant powers in East Asia. Xingqing was its political, economic, and cultural core for nearly 200 years.
Why it became a capital:
Located on the Yinchuan Plain (银川平原) with fertile soil and irrigation from the Yellow River (黄河)
Known as “Jiangnan Beyond the Great Wall (塞上江南)” for its agricultural richness
Strategically positioned as a trading and military hub linking the Central Plains with Central Asia
The Tangut people settled and thrived here, fostering a distinct Western Xia culture
Why it declined:
In 1227, the Mongol Empire annihilated Western Xia, destroying Xingqing and leaving it in ruins
During the Yuan dynasty, it became a provincial center known as Ningxia Circuit (宁夏路)
Later dynasties like the Ming and Qing maintained its role as a regional capital, but it never regained national capital status
Western Xia Imperial Tombs (西夏王陵) – Burial complex of Western Xia emperors, often called the “Pyramids of the East”
Helan Mountain Rock Art (贺兰山岩画) – Thousands of petroglyphs reflecting ancient nomadic life
Zhenbeibao Western Film Studio (镇北堡西部影视城) – A famous movie set used in films like A Chinese Odyssey
Shahu Wetland Desert Park (沙湖生态旅游区) – A rare mix of desert dunes and freshwater lake
Suyukou National Forest Park (苏峪口国家森林公园) – A scenic canyon for hiking and sunrise views in Helan Mountains (贺兰山)
Explore Western Xia culture: Visit the Western Xia Museum (西夏博物馆) to learn about the lost dynasty and decipher Tangut script
Film set photography: Walk through Zhenbeibao Film Studio (镇北堡西部影视城), dress in costume, and re-enact iconic movie scenes
Nature adventure: Ride camels and go sand sliding at Shahu (沙湖); hike Helan Mountains at sunrise
Local cuisine: Try hand-pulled lamb (手抓羊肉), lamb offal stew (羊杂碎), eight-treasure tea (八宝茶), and Yellow River carp (黄河鲤鱼) in the city’s night markets
How to get there:
By air: Land at Yinchuan Hedong International Airport (银川河东国际机场), then take a bus or taxi to the city center
By train: Arrive at Yinchuan Railway Station (银川站), with Metro Line 1 connecting to downtown and major sites
Best time to visit:
May to October, with pleasant temperatures between 15–28 °C
Summer offers a cool desert retreat; autumn is perfect for red foliage views in Helan Mountains
Suggested 2-Day Itinerary:
Day 1: Western Xia Imperial Tombs (西夏王陵) → Helan Mountain Rock Art (贺兰山岩画) → Zhenbeibao Film Studio (镇北堡西部影视城)
Day 2: Shahu Desert Wetland Park (沙湖生态旅游区) → Yinchuan Old City Food Street (银川老城美食街)
Most ancient Chinese capitals followed a distinct urban structure rooted in Confucian and cosmological principles. Cities like Chang’an (长安, now Xi’an) and Luoyang (洛阳) were designed with a central palace complex (宫城), a main north-south axis (中轴线), and a grid-style street system (城市网格). This layout reflected imperial order—placing the emperor at the cosmic center—and influenced urban design for centuries. Today, you can still trace these patterns in city walls, gates, and road alignments preserved or reconstructed in modern cities.
Ancient capitals weren’t just political hubs—they were also spiritual and cultural beacons. Temples, pagodas, and monasteries flourished, many of which survive today as UNESCO sites. Capitals like Xi’an, Beijing, and Luoyang sat on major trade routes like the Silk Road, making them melting pots of Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, and foreign influences. This layered religious heritage remains visible in cityscapes—where you’ll find Tang-era Buddhist temples near Ming-era mosques or Confucian academies.
Unlike open-air ruins, China’s ancient capitals are still thriving cities. Their historic layers are embedded within modern infrastructure: subway systems run beneath ancient palace sites; shopping districts rise next to centuries-old walls. Cities like Nanjing (南京) and Beijing (北京) balance heritage preservation with urban development, integrating old city walls, royal tombs, or ancient waterworks into parks, museums, and cultural zones. This coexistence of past and present gives travelers a chance to experience living history—without leaving the city center.
Visiting China’s ancient capitals is like stepping into a time capsule—but one that’s still evolving. You’ll see preserved landmarks like palaces, tombs, and city walls, often restored but retaining their original layout. However, many ancient structures were destroyed by wars, natural disasters, or urbanization, and only foundations or reconstructions remain. Yet even when the original is gone, the legacy endures—in place names, architectural patterns, food culture, and local traditions that still echo the city’s imperial past.
China’s ancient capitals are spread across regions, but smart planning allows you to explore multiple in one trip. Here are a few classic routes:
1. Golden Triangle: Xi’an – Luoyang – Beijing
A perfect route for first-time visitors seeking imperial grandeur and historical depth.
Xi’an (西安): Terracotta Army, Tang palaces, vibrant night markets.
Luoyang (洛阳): Longmen Grottoes, White Horse Temple—the cradle of Chinese Buddhism.
Beijing (北京): Forbidden City, Great Wall, Ming Tombs—living remnants of China’s final dynasties.
2. Jiangnan + Ancient Capitals: Hangzhou – Nanjing – Suzhou
Ideal for travelers who enjoy scenic beauty alongside imperial legacy.
Hangzhou (杭州): Once the Southern Song capital, now famed for West Lake and tea culture.
Nanjing (南京): Six dynasties, Ming tombs, city walls—an underrated treasure trove.
Suzhou (苏州) (optional): While not a former capital, Suzhou’s classical gardens and canal life complement a cultural circuit.
3. Western Capitals Route: Xi’an – Tianshui – Yinchuan
Dive into Silk Road history and non-Han dynasties.
Xi’an (西安): Qin and Tang legacies.
Tianshui (天水): Fuxi Temple and Maijishan Grottoes.
Yinchuan (银川): Capital of the Western Xia dynasty, with tombs and desert-mountain scenery.
Each route can be tailored to your pace—ranging from 5-day quick trips to 2-week deep dives.
Thanks to China’s world-class infrastructure, ancient capitals are more accessible than ever:
High-Speed Rail (高铁)
Most ancient capitals are connected by CRH bullet trains, reaching speeds up to 350 km/h.
Example: Beijing to Xi’an takes just 4.5–6 hours by G/D trains; Xi’an to Luoyang is under 2 hours.
Air Travel
All major ancient capitals have international or regional airports.
Flights from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Xi’an or Yinchuan take 2–3 hours.
Urban Transit
Cities like Beijing, Xi’an, and Nanjing have extensive metro systems, ideal for independent travel.
Airport express trains, ride-hailing apps (DiDi), and city buses make intra-city transport efficient and budget-friendly.
Tip: For seamless travel, download 12306 China Railway App (for high-speed trains) and DiDi Global (for ride-hailing) before your trip.
While exploring China’s ancient capitals is deeply rewarding, it’s important to be aware of practical challenges that may impact your trip experience. Here’s what to watch for—and how to prepare:
Top destinations like Beijing, Xi’an, and Hangzhou can become extremely crowded during national holidays and peak seasons (especially Labor Day in May, National Day in October, and Chinese New Year).
Expect:
Long queues at major attractions (e.g., Terracotta Army, Forbidden City)
Large tour groups affecting the immersive experience
Higher accommodation costs and limited availability
Tips:
Book entry tickets in advance, go early in the morning, or visit during the shoulder seasons (April–May, September–November) for a more relaxed experience.
Many ancient sites are under pressure from rapid urban expansion. You may notice:
Limited access to certain ruins due to conservation efforts
Modern construction around historic areas, affecting visual authenticity
Commercialization near landmarks (e.g., souvenir shops overtaking traditional alleys)
Tip: Visit well-curated heritage parks or museums (like Shaanxi History Museum or Western Xia Tombs Museum) for deeper, respectful insights into the past.
China’s vast geography means that climate varies greatly between cities—even among ancient capitals.
Xi’an (西安): Summer temperatures can soar above 38°C (100°F) with dry heat—stay hydrated and wear breathable clothing.
Beijing (北京): Winters are harsh with sub-zero temperatures, strong winds, and dry air—pack thermal layers and moisturizers.
Luoyang (洛阳) & Nanjing (南京): Experience muggy, rainy summers and cold, damp winters.
Yinchuan (银川): Cooler climate overall, but desert winds can make spring/fall chilly.
Tip: Always check the weather forecast and pack seasonally appropriate gear, including sun protection, layers, and waterproof shoes.
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Just a quick heads-up — a helpful user named Volker let me know that some of the non-English content on this site may not be accurate.
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